Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad: The Three States and Turīya
The Mandukya Upanishad sets waking, dream and dreamless sleep side by side, then points to a fourth, turīya. A reading of its twelve passages and mantra 7.
3 November 2026 · 3 min read
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Philosophy & spiritual traditions
Darśana
Darśana explores India’s philosophical and spiritual traditions through questions about reality, knowledge and the good life. What can we know, and what might freedom mean?
Explore debates about self, reality, ethics and liberation across philosophical schools and devotional traditions. Buddhist, Jain, Cārvāka, Vedānta, bhakti, Sufi, Sikh and Adivasi traditions bring distinct voices; no single school speaks for them all.
Follow these questions into poems and stories through Bhāṣā & Vāṅmaya, into shared life through Samāja, and into forms of inquiry through Vijñāna.
Listening across traditions
We first try to understand a tradition in its own terms. Concepts such as dharma, karma and mokṣa have histories and different meanings in different settings. Faith claims are presented as a tradition’s understanding, without turning them into scientific or medical claims. See our approach to evidence and attribution.